Vertebral fractures occur more frequently than people might think. The most common type of vertebral, or spinal, fracture is a compression fracture. These fractures are also called insufficiency fractures. The incidence of vertebral fractures increases as people age. Postmenopausal women are the most affected group, usually due to osteoporosis. One in four postmenopausal women will suffer a vertebral compression fracture. Other common causes of vertebral fractures are accidents or trauma, such as falls or sports injuries.
Why does osteoporosis lead to vertebral fractures?
Osteoporosis is a bone disease that makes bones thinner and less dense. Bones become weaker, more fragile, and more likely to break. Vertebrae can fracture under pressure or even from coughing, sneezing, or lifting. While compression fractures can occur anywhere along the spine, they are most likely to happen in the lower thoracic spine (T11 and T12) and at L1 in the lumbar spine.
Symptoms of a Vertebral Fracture
- Sudden back pain that may worsen when moving
- Limited mobility when walking or standing
- Limited flexibility when bending or twisting
- Tingling or numbness in back or extremities
- Muscle spasms or weakness
- Changes in posture
Pain from a vertebral fracture may range from mild to severe. Some people may have no real symptoms. Vertebral fractures are generally classified as stable or unstable. In a stable fracture, the vertebra hasn’t moved out of its normal alignment. These fractures are less likely to need surgery and may heal on their own. In an unstable fracture, the vertebra has shifted and may cause complications that can damage the spinal cord. Unstable fractures are more likely to need surgery.
Nonsurgical Treatment of Vertebral Fractures
Nonsurgical, or conservative treatment of stable fractures usually focuses on rest from strenuous activities and pain management. Over-the-counter medications such as acetaminophen and ibuprofen can provide pain relief. Some patients may need a stronger prescription medication for pain. For stable fractures, walking may be recommended as a low impact activity. Tai Chi can help the patient improve their balance and prevent future falls. Eventually the patient may be referred for physical therapy to help strengthen the back and core muscles. If the fracture was the result of osteoporosis, medication may be prescribed to prevent further bone loss.
When is surgery necessary?
Surgical treatment depends on the severity of the fracture, where along the spine the fracture occurred, and whether stabilization is needed. Vertebroplasty is a procedure in which bone cement is injected into a broken vertebra to relieve pain and provide stabilization. An alternative surgical treatment is Kyphoplasty, a procedure in which an inflatable balloon-like device is inserted into the break to open a space to inject bone cement. Kyphoplasty can restore vertebral height. Most patients are able to go home the same day as their procedure. Sometimes a spinal fusion is needed to treat severe instability from a fracture.
Atlanta Brain and Spine Care
The spine specialists at Atlanta Brain and Spine Care are experts in the diagnosis and treatment of vertebral fractures. Contact us to schedule an appointment.
