Primary vertebral tumors are tumors that originate in the bones of the spine. They have not metastasized or spread from somewhere else in the body. These types of tumors are uncommon and are usually not cancerous. However, that does not mean they can’t cause problems. If they grow large enough, the tumors may press against the spinal cord, nerve roots, or blood vessels.
There are several types of primary vertebral tumors that can develop along spinal bones. They grow at different rates, depending on the type of tumor. Some are considered to be aggressive.
Hemangiomas
Although hemangiomas can grow anywhere in the body, they are the most common primary tumors of the spine. Hemangiomas are comprised of an abnormal group of blood vessels. These tumors are benign. They may go away without any treatment. Spinal hemangiomas are not usually a serious problem, although some may cause pain, weakness, tingling, or numbness. Most spinal hemangiomas do not require treatment unless there are uncomfortable symptoms.
Osteoid Osteomas
This type of benign tumor can occur in the long bones of the body or in the spine. There may be pain or muscle spasms when located in the lumbar spine (low back). Osteoid osteomas are sometimes the result of a trauma or inflammation. If the tumor is not causing symptoms, it may just be monitored. If a vertebrae is affected, there may be stiffness, scoliosis, and pain that feels more intense with activity and at night. It may be necessary to surgically remove the tumor.
Osteoblastomas
These rare benign tumors destroy normal bone and replace it with abnormal material that is weaker and more prone to fracture. The tumor may cause pain, swelling, or muscle spasms. Treatment involves surgical removal of the tumor and abnormal tissue, and sometimes a bone graft is necessary. A spinal fusion can stabilize the spine. In rare cases, the tumor may return.
Giant Cell Tumors (GCTs)
These benign tumors are uncommon but aggressive. They occur most often in the sacrum and lumbar spine. GCTs may invade the spinal canal and compress the spinal cord. Treatment often requires surgical removal and embolization to cut off blood flow. This may be followed with radiation therapy.
Plasmacytomas
This type of blood cancer may occur anywhere in the body in the plasma cells of the bone marrow. A plasmacytoma is a solitary lesion. Some people with plasmacytoma may develop multiple myeloma, a related cancer. Diagnosis is through blood tests and biopsy of the tumor. Treatments may include radiation, surgery, and chemotherapy.
Atlanta Brain and Spine Care
Our neurosurgeons have been treating spinal disorders and injuries since 2003. There are five convenient metro locations to meet the travel needs of our patients. Contact us to schedule a consultation with a spine specialist.