There are several types of fractures that may happen to the spinal vertebrae, the bones that make up the spine. The most common type of these fractures is the vertebral compression fracture. While compression fractures may happen anywhere in the spine, they usually occur in the thoracic, or middle part of the spine.
What causes a vertebral compression fracture?
Vertebral compression fractures are small cracks or breaks in the rounded part on the front of the vertebrae. Pressure on or against the vertebrae can cause weakened vertebrae to collapse. Compression fractures become more common as people age. Osteoporosis, a condition which causes the bones to become weak and fragile, is a common cause of vertebral compression fractures. Osteoporosis is especially common among post-menopausal women but can also affect men as they age. A person with osteoporosis often breaks a bone when they fall. However, even a mild stress from coughing, sneezing, or bending over may cause enough pressure for a vertebral fracture. Additional medical conditions that may contribute to vertebral fractures include cancer, hyperthyroidism, and bone infections. Other factors contributing to vertebral fractures include sports injuries, vehicle accidents, and spinal tumors.
Symptoms of Vertebral Compression Fractures
The primary symptom of vertebral compression fractures is back pain. The pain may come on gradually and worsen over time, or there may be a sharp pain that begins suddenly. The pain often feels worse when standing or moving but may feel better when the person is lying down. There may be sharper pain when bending over or twisting. When the vertebrae collapses, there may be a noticeable loss of height or a change in posture, such as appearing stooped or hunched over. If the fracture is severe, there may be tingling, weakness, numbness, muscle spasms, or difficulty breathing.
Diagnosing Compression Fractures
The healthcare provider will perform a physical examination, checking for spinal alignment and posture. Imaging tests used in diagnosis may include spinal x-rays, a CT scan, or an MRI. A bone density test, or DEXA scan, can be used to measure bone loss.
Treatment Options
Conservative treatments include rest and pain management. Recommended over-the-counter medications include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications. A doctor may prescribe muscle relaxers or stronger pain medication. Patients with osteoporosis may be prescribed medication to strengthen bones and prevent additional fractures. Spinal braces may be used to stabilize the spine. Physical therapy may be recommended to teach exercises to strengthen muscles that help support the spine.
Surgical treatment is sometimes necessary. There are two minimally invasive procedures that can stabilize the fracture – vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty. In vertebroplasty, bone cement is injected into the fractured vertebrae to stabilize it. In kyphoplasty, a balloon is inserted to create a cavity in the vertebrae so that bone cement can be used to strengthen and stabilize the vertebrae.
Atlanta Brain and Spine Care
The neurosurgeons at Atlanta Brain and Spine Care are experts in the diagnosis and treatment of vertebral fractures. Contact us to schedule a consultation with a spine specialist.
